A comprehensive list of etchants for over 50 different metals, semiconductors and cleanroom materials. Some etch rates are given. The ratios are volume ratios unless other units are specified.
Aluminum
- >
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 | H2O : HF | | |
1 : 1 : 1 | HCl : HNO3 : H2O | | |
dilute or concentrated | HCl | | |
| H3PO4 : HNO3 : HAc | | |
19 : 1 : 1 : 2 | H3PO4 : HAc : HNO3 : H2O | 40 | |
3 : 1 : 3 : 1 | H3PO4 : HAc : HNO3 : H2O | 8.7 @ >RT | @ 40 C <4 min/micron |
4 : 4 : 1 : 1 | H3PO4 : HAc : HNO3 : H2O | 5.6 | |
15 : 0 : 1 : 1-4 | H3PO4 : HAc : HNO3 : H2O | 1500 | 40 C |
8 : 1 : 1 | H3PO4 : H2O2 : H2O | 100 | @ 35C |
3 : 1 : 5 | H3PO4 : H2O : glycerin | | |
69 : 131 | HClO4 : HAc | | |
4 : 1 : 5 | HCl : FeCle : H2O | | |
| FeCl3 : H2O | | 100 F |
10% | K3Fe(CN)6 | 100 | |
| KOH : K3Fe(CN)6: K 2B4O7.4H2O | | |
2 : 3 : 12 | KMnO4 : NaOH : H2O | | |
1 : 1 : 3 | NH4OH : H2O2 : H2O | | |
20% | NH4SO4 | | |
dilute or concetrated | NaOH | | |
8-10% | KOH | | |
| CCl4 | | boiling |
10% | Br2 : MeOH | | warm |
Aluminum Gallium Arsenide
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 : 30 | H2SO4 : H2O2 | 60 angstroms/sec |
8 : 3 : 400 | NH3 : H2O2 : H2O | 25 angstroms/sec |
1 : 1 : 10 | HF : H2O2 : H2O | 80 angstroms/sec |
Aluminum Trioxide / Alumina / Sapphire
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 : 3 | NH4OH : H2O2 : H2O | | 80 C |
10% | Br2 : MeOH | | |
7ml : 4g | H3PO : Cr2O3 | |
Antimony
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 : 1 | HCl : HNO3 : H2O | | |
90 : 10 : 1 | H2O : HNO3 : HF | | |
3 : 3 : 1 : 1 | H3PO4 : HNO3 : CH3COOH : H2O | 3min/1000A | 50C |
Bismuth
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
10 : 1 | H2O : HCl | | |
Brass
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
| FeCl3 | | |
20% | NHSO5 | | |
Bronze
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
1% | CrO3 | | |
Carbon
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
| H3PO4 : CrO3 : NaCN | | |
50% | KOH (or NaOH) | | boiling |
concentrated | HNO3 | | |
concentrated | H2SO4 | | |
3 : 1 | H2SO4 : H2O2 | | |
Chromium
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
2 : 3 : 12 | KMnO4 : NaOH : H2O | | |
3 : 1 | H2O : H2O2 | | |
concentrated and dilute | HCl | | |
3 : 1 | HCl : H2O2 | | |
2 : 1 | FeCl : HCl | | |
| Cyantek CR-7s (Perchloric based) | 7 min/micron (24A/s new) | |
1 : 1 | HCl : glycerine | 12min/micron after depassivation | |
1 : 3 | [50gNaOH+100mlH2O] : [30g K3Fe(CN)6+100mlH2O] | 1hr/micron | |
Cobalt
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 | H2O : HNO3 | | |
3 : 1 | HCl : H2O2 | | |
Copper
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
30% | FeCl3 saturated solution | | |
20% | KCN | | |
1 : 5 | H2O : HNO3 | | |
concentrated and dilute | HNO3 | | |
1 : 1 | NH4OH : H2O2 | | |
1 : 20 | HNO3 : H2O2 | | |
4 : 1 | NH3 : H2O2 | | |
1 : 1 : 1 | H3PO4 : HNO3 : HAc | | |
5ml : 5ml : 4g : 1 : 90ml | HNO3 : H2SO4 : CrO3 : NH4Cl : H2O | | |
4 : 1 : 5 | HCL : FeCl3 : H2O | | |
Epoxies
- General Polymer Etch
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate (angstroms/sec) | Temperature/Other |
5 : 1 | NH4OH : H2O2 | | 120 C |
| Gold Epoxy | | |
3 : 1 : 10 | HNO3 : HCl : H2O | | |
| Silver Epoxy | | |
1 : 3 | HF : HNO3 | | |
| Aluminum Epoxy | | |
| H2SO4 | | hot |
| SU8 cured | | |
3 : 1 | H2SO4 : H2O2 | | hot |
Gallium Arsenide
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
1.5%-7.5% | Br2 in CH3OH | | |
1 : 1 | NH4OH : H2O2 | | |
20 : 7 : 973 | NH4OH : H2O2 : H2O | | |
40 : 1 : 40 | H3PO4 : H2O2 : H2O | | |
3 : 1 : 50 | H3PO4 : H2O2 : H2O | | |
33-66% | HNO3 | red fuming etches more rapidly than white fuming | |
1 : 1 | HF : HNO3 | | |
1 : 1 | H2SO4 : H2O2 | | |
1 : 1 : 30 | H2SO4 : H2O2 | 60 angstroms/sec | |
8 : 3 : 400 | NH3 : H2O2 : H2O | 30 angstroms/sec | isotropic |
1 : 1 : 10 | HF : H2O2 : H2O | 80 angstroms/sec | |
Germanium
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
| HF : HNO3 : H2O | | |
1 : 1 : 1 | HF : HNO3 : HAc | | |
7 : 1 : | HF : HNO3 : glycerin | 35c 75-100 microns/hour, 100C 775microns/hour | |
pH > 6 | KF | | |
1 : 25 | NH3OH : H2O2 | 1000 angstrom/min | |
Gold
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
3 : 1 | Aqua Regia HCl : HNO3 10-15 | microns/min RT, 25-50 microns/min | 35 C |
3 : 10-20% | Chrome Regia HCl : CrO3 | | |
| H2SeO4 | etch is slow | Temp should be hot |
| KCN in H2O | good for stripping gold from alumina, quartz, sapphire substrates, semiconductor wafers and metal parts | |
4g : 2g : 10ml | KI : I2 : H2O | 280 nm/min | Hot (70C) |
1 : 2 : 3 | HF : HAc : HNO3 | | |
30 : 30 : 50 : 0.6 | HF : HNO3 : HAc : Br2 | | |
| NaCN : H2O2 | | |
7g : 25g : 100ml | KI : Br2 : H2O | | |
9g : 1g : 50ml | KBr : Br2 : H2O | 800 nm/min | |
9g : 1g : 50ml | NaBr : Br2 : H2O | 400nm/min | |
400g : 100g : 400ml | I2 : KI : H2O | 1270A/sec | 55C |
1 : 2 : 10 | I2 : KI : H2O | | |
4g : 1g : 40ml | Au mask etch KI : I2 : H2O | 1min/micron | |
Hafnium
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
20 : 1 : 1 | H2O : HF : H2O2 | | |
Indium
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
3 : 1 | Aqua Regia HCl : HNO3 | | hot |
| HCl | fast | boiling |
| IPA | | hot |
| EOH | | hot |
| MeOH | | hot |
- Rare Earth Indium Etchants
- Br2 : MeOH
Indium Gallium Arsenide
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 : 20 | H2SO4 : H2O2 : H2O | 30 angstroms/sec |
Indium Gallium Phosphide
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
concentrated | HCl | fast |
Indium Phosphide
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 | HCl : H3PO4 | fast |
Indium Phosphide Oxide Etchants
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
| NH4OH | | |
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 | HCl : H2O | 8 angstroms/sec | |
1 : 1 : 10 | HF : H2O2 : H2O | 125 angstroms/sec |
Iridium
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
3 : 1 | Aqua Regia HCl : HNO3 | | hot |
Iron
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 | H2O : HCL | | |
1 : 1 | H2O : HNO3 | | |
1 : 2 : 10 | I2 : KI : H2O | | |
Lead
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
1 : 1 | HAc : H2O2 | | |
Magnesium
Concentrations | Etchants | Rate | Temperature/Other |
10ml : 1g2O : NaOH followed by 5ml : 1g - H2O : CrO3 | | |
Molybendum
- 1 : 1 - HCl : H2O2
Nickel
- 1 : 1 : 1 - HNO3 : HAc : Acetone
- 1 : 1 - HF : HNO3
- 30% FeCl3
- 3 : 1 : 5 : 1 - HNO3 : H2SO4 : HAc : H2O 85 C 10 microns/min
- 3 : 7 - HNO3 : H2O
- 1 : 1 - HNO3 : HAc
- 10% g/ml Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6 : H2O
- HF, concentrated – slow etchant
- H3PO4 – slow etchants
- HNO3 – rapid etchant
- HF : HNO3 – etch rate determined by ratio, the greater the amount of HF the slower the reaction
- 4 : 1 - HCl : HNO3 – increase HNO3 concentration increases etch rate
- 30% FeCl3
- 5g : 1ml : 150ml - 2NH4NO3.Ce(NO3)3.4(H2O) : HNO3 : H2O – decreasing HNO3 amount increases the etch rate
- 3 : 3 : 1 : 1 - H3PO4 : HNO3 : CH3COOH : H2O ~15min/micron @ RT with air exposure every 15 seconds
Niobium
- 1 : 1 - HF : HNO3
Palladium
- Aqua Regia 3 : 1 - HCl : HNO3 hot
Photoresist (AZ type)
- General Polymer
- 5 : 1 - NH4OH : H2O2 – 120 C
- 5 : 1 - H2SO4 : H2O2
- H2SO4 : (NH4)2S2O8
- Acetone
Platinum
- Aqua Regia 3 : 1 - HCl : HNO3 Hot
- Molten Sulfur
Polymer
- 5 : 1 - NH4OH : H2O2 – 120 C
- 3 : 1 - H2SO4 : H2O2
Polymer
- 1 : 1 - HF : H2O
- 1 : 1 - HF : HNO3
- Sodium Carbonate boiling
- HF conc
Rhenium, Rhodium and Ruthenium
- Aqua Regia 3 : 1 - HCl : HNO3 - Hot
Silicon
- 64 : 3 : 33 - HNO3 : NH4F : H2O 100 angstroms/s
- 61 : 11 : 28 - ethylenediamine : C6H4(OH)2 : H2O 78 angstroms/s
- 108ml : 350g : 1000ml - HF : NH4F : H2O slow 0.5 angstroms/min
- 1 : 1 : 50 - HF : HNO3 : H2O slow etch
- KCl dissolved in H2O
- KOH : H2O : Br2/I2
- KOH – see section on KOH etching of silicon
- 1 : 1 : 1.4 : 0.15% : 0.24% - HF : HNO3 : HAc : I2 : triton
- 1 : 6 : 3 - HF : HNO3 : HAc and 0.19 g NaI per 100 ml solution
- 1 : 4 - Iodine Etch : HAc
- 0.010 N NaI
- NaOH
- HF : HNO3
- 1 : 1 : 1 - HF : HNO3 : H2O
Silicon Dioxide / Quartz / Glass
- BOE 1 : 5 : 5 HF : NH4HF : H2O 20 angstroms/s
- HF : HNO3
- 3 : 2 : 60 HF : HNO3 : H2O 2.5 angstroms/sec at RT
- BHF 1 : 10, 1 : 100, 1 : 20 HF : NH4F(sat)
- 3ml : 15g : 22ml HF : NH4F : H2O
- Secco etch 2 : 1 HF : 1.5M K2Cr2O7
- 5 : 1 NH4.HF : NaF/L (in grams)
- 1g : 1ml : 10ml : 10ml NH4F.HF : HF : H2O : glycerin
- HF – hot
- 1 : 1 1 : 15, 1 : 100 HF : H2O
- BOE HF : NH4F : H2O
- 1 : 6 BOE : H2O
- 5 : 43, 1 : 6 HF : NH4F(40%)
- NaCO3 100 C 296 microns/h
- 5% NaOH 100 C 3.8 mm/h
- 5% HCl 95 C 12.7 microns/day
- KOH see KOH etching of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride
Silicon Nitride
- 1 : 60 or 1 : 20 HF : H2O 1000-2000 A/min
- BHF 1 : 2 : 2 HF : NH4F : H2O slow attack – but faster for silicon oxynitride
- 1 : 5 or 1 : 9 HF : NH4F (40%)0.01-0.02 microns/second
- 3 : 25 HF : NH4F.HF(sat)
- 50ml : 50g : 100ml : 50ml HF : NH4F.HF : H2O : glycerin – glycerin provides more uniform removal
- BOE HF : NH4F : H2O
- 18g : 5g : 100ml NaOH : KHC8H4O4 : H2O boiling 160 A/min, better with silicon oxynitride
- 9 : g25ml NaOH : H2O – boiling 160A/min
- 18g : 5g : 100ml NaOH : (NH4)2S2O8 : H2O – boiling 160 A/min
- A) 5g : 100ml NH4F.HF : H2O B)1g : 50ml : 50ml I2 : H2O : glycerin – mix A and B 1 : 1 when ready to use. RT 180 A/min
Silver
- 1 : 1 NH4OH : H2O2
- 3 : 3 : 23 : 1 H3PO4 : HNO3 : CH3COOH : H2O ~10min/100A
- 1 : 1 : 4 NH4OH : H2O2 : CH3OH .36micron/min resist
- 1 : 1 : 1 HCl : HNO3 : H2O
- 1-8 : 1HNO3 : H2O
- 1 M HNO3 + light
Stainless Steel
- 1 : 1 HF : HNO3
Tantalum
- 1 : 1 HF : HNO3
Tin
- 1 : 1 HF : HCL
- 1 : 1 HF : HNO3
- 1 : 1 HF : H2O
- 2 : 7 HClO4 : HAc
Titanium
- 50 : 1 : 1 H2O : HF : HNO3
- 20 : 1 : 1 H2O : HF : H2O2
- RCA-1 ~100 min/micron
- x%Br2 : ethyl acetate - HOT
- x%I2 : MeOH - HOT
- HF : CuSO4
- 1 : 2 NH4OH : H2O2
- 1 : 2 : 7, 1 : 5 : 4, 1 : 4 : 5(18 microns/min), 1 : 1 : 50 HF : HNO3 : H2O
- COOHCOOH : H2O – any concentration
- 1 : 1 : 20 HF : H2O2 : HNO3
- 1 : 9 HF : H2O – 12 A/MIN
- HF : HCL : H2O
- HCL – conc
- %KOH - conc
- %NaOH- conc
- 20% H2SO4 1 micron/min
- CCl3COOC2H5
- 25%HCOOH
- 20%H3PO4
- HF
Tungsten
- 1 : 1 HF : HNO3
- 1 : 1 HF : HNO3 – thin films
- 3 : 7 HF : HNO3
- 4 : 1 HF : HNO3 – rapid attack
- 1 : 2 NH4OH : H2O2 – thin films good for etching tungsten from stainless steel, glass, copper and ceramics. Will etch titanium as well.
- 305g : 44.5g : 1000ml K3Fe(CN)6 : NaOH : H2O – rapid etch
- HCl – slow etch (dilute or concentrated)
- HNO3 – very slow etch (dilute or concentrated)
- H2SO4 – slow etch (dilute or concentrated)
- HF – slow etch (dilute or concentrated)
- H2O2
- 1 : 1, 30% : 70%, or 4 : 1 HF : HNO3
- 1 : 2 NH4OH : H2O2
- 4 : 4 : 3 HF HNO3 : HAc
- CBrF3 RIE etch
- 305g : 44.5g : 1000ml K3Fe(CN)6 : NaOH : H2O – very rapid etch
- HCl solutions – slow attack
- HNO3 – slight attack
- Aqua Regia 3 : 1 HCL : HNO3 – slow attack when hot or warm
- H2SO4 dilute and concentrated – slow etch
- HF dilute and concentrated – slow etch
- Alkali with oxidizers (KNO3 and PbO2) – rapid etch
- H2O2
Vanadium
- 1 : 1 H2O : HNO3
- 1 : 1 HF : HNO3
Zinc
- 1 : 1 HCl : H2O
- 1 : 1 HNO3 : H2O
Zinc Oxide
- 1 : 60 HCl : H2O - 1.9 microns/min
- 1 : 200 Hcl : H2O - 0.9 microns/min
- 1 : 500 HCl : H2O - 0.4 microns/min
- 1 : 900 HCl : H2O - 0.2 microns/min
- 1 : 100 HNO3 : H2O - 0.9 microns/min
- 1 : 7 BOE - .06 microns/min
- 1 : 1 : 30 H3PO4 : C6H8O7 : H2O - 2.2 microns/min
- 1 : 5 : 60 H3PO4 : C6H8O7 : H2O - 1.8 microns/min
- 1 : 1 : 80 H3PO4 : C6H8O7 : H2O - 1.4 microns/min
- 1 : 1 : 150 H3PO4 : C6H8O7 : H2O - 1 micron/min
- 1 : 1 : 200 H3PO4 : C6H8O7 : H2O - 0.8 microns/min
- 1 : 2 : 300 H3PO4 : C6H8O7 : H2O - 0.65 microns/min
Zirconium
- 50 : 1 : 1 H2O : HF : HNO3
- 20 : 1 : 1 H2O : HF : H2O2